What is Chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. In breast cancer, chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination with other treatments like surgery, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. Chemotherapy for breast cancer can be given intravenously (IV) or in pill form, depending on the specific drugs and treatment plan.

When is Chemotherapy Used for Breast Cancer?

Chemotherapy for breast cancer may be used in different situations, such as:

• Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy – Given before surgery to shrink the tumor, making it easier to remove and possibly allowing for breast-conserving surgery.

• Adjuvant Chemotherapy – Given after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells, reducing the risk of recurrence.

• Metastatic Breast Cancer – Used as the main treatment for breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast to other parts of the body.

How Does Chemotherapy Work?

Chemotherapy drugs target rapidly dividing cells, which include cancer cells. However, they can also affect normal cells that divide quickly, such as those in the hair follicles, bone marrow, and digestive tract. This effect on normal cells leads to some of the common side effects of chemotherapy.

Common Chemotherapy Drugs for Breast Cancer

Chemotherapy for breast cancer typically involves a combination of drugs, which may include:

• Anthracyclines – Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and epirubicin, which work by damaging the DNA of cancer cells.

• Taxanes – Paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere), which inhibit cell division and growth.

• Alkylating Agents – Cyclophosphamide, which damages the DNA of cancer cells, stopping their growth.

• Antimetabolites – Drugs like fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine, which disrupt cancer cell metabolism and growth.

The specific combination of drugs and duration of treatment depend on the type and stage of breast cancer, as well as individual patient factors.

What to Expect During Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is usually given in cycles, with treatment periods followed by rest periods to allow the body to recover. Your healthcare team will work with you to create a schedule that meets your needs and may include the following steps:

1. Pre-treatment Consultations – Blood tests and other exams to evaluate health and adjust medications as needed.

2. Administration of Chemotherapy – Given intravenously (IV) in an outpatient clinic or sometimes as an oral medication.

3. Rest Periods – Time between treatment cycles allows your body to recover and regain strength.

4. Regular Monitoring – Your healthcare team will monitor your response to chemotherapy and adjust treatment as needed. instructions and let you know when you can resume regular activities.

Managing Side Effects of Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy can affect both cancer cells and healthy cells, leading to potential side effects. Common side effects may include:

• Fatigue – One of the most common side effects, manageable with rest and light activity.

• Nausea and Vomiting – Anti-nausea medications can help alleviate these symptoms.

• Hair Loss – Hair may start thinning or falling out a few weeks after treatment begins, but it typically grows back after treatment.

• Mouth Sores – Keeping the mouth clean and using mouthwashes recommended by your care team can help.

• Loss of Appetite – Small, frequent meals and nutritious snacks can help maintain energy.

• Increased Risk of Infection – Chemo can weaken the immune system, so it’s important to avoid sick people and wash hands frequently.

• Neuropathy – Tingling, numbness, or pain in hands and feet; your doctor may adjust your treatment if this becomes severe.

Your healthcare team will work with you to manage these side effects, often prescribing medications or therapies to help relieve symptoms.

Lifestyle Tips During Chemotherapy

Maintaining a balanced lifestyle during chemotherapy can support your well-being and may help minimise some side effects:

Nutrition – Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fluids can support your immune system and energy levels.

Exercise – Light exercise, such as walking or stretching, can reduce fatigue and lift mood.

Rest and Relaxation – Allow yourself plenty of rest and consider relaxation techniques, like meditation, to manage stress.

Avoiding Infections – Stay vigilant with hygiene, avoid crowded places when possible, and monitor for any signs of infection, like fever or unusual fatigue.

Follow-Up Care After Chemotherapy

After completing chemotherapy, follow-up care is essential. This may involve regular physical exams, imaging tests, and blood work to monitor your recovery and check for any signs of recurrence. Your doctor will advise you on how often these visits should be.